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John Moore's podcast on the Politics of the Coronavirus crisis
Or download here: Download Episode_audio_616C593E-14F7-4673-9F32-E739F6684F80
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John Moore's new podcast: Episode One on FGM
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The occupation of disputed Māori land at the site Ihumātao in Auckland is heating up. Last week police made several arrests and used pepper spray at the occupation. Several hundred protesters are currently active at the Ihumātao site. John Moore looks into the issues in this guest blog post.
The nature of the current dispute has now taken on the dimensions of not just a dispute between protesting Māori versus Fletcher Building (the legal owners of the disputed land) but also a dispute between the local Māori Establishment versus disaffected Māori. The very question of how Māori should orientate towards the colonial state and tauiwi corporations is at play here.
A brief summary of the background to this dispute
Ihumātao, is a peninsula on the shore of Auckland’s Manukau Harbour. It is a historical Māori settlement, and is the city’s oldest settlement. In 1863, the land was confiscated from Māori by the state. The states occupation of the land was followed by sites sacred to local Māori being quarried, and burial sites being destroyed
Ihumātao has ended up in the hands of one of New Zealand’s largest corporations, Fletcher Building. The land has been declared a Special Housing Area, and Fletchers is building 500 houses on Ihumātao. The corporation has negotiated with local Māori leaders representative of officially recognized iwi organisations. And these Māori iwi leaders have given the go ahead for Fletcher Building to develop the area.
A brief political analysis of this dispute
This is a developing political conflict that has many dimensions. As so it is not surprising that the mainstream media has been finding it particularly difficult to navigate around the various contrasting narratives that are coming from the protesters themselves, and contrasting narratives from their opponents.
On one level, this is primarily a protest by local Māori against Fletcher Building, who are intent on building hundreds of houses on the contested land. Another dimension, is that this is a conflict within the mana whenua of the area. The officially recognised Māori leadership of the area are in fact backing Fletcher Building. And at one stage local Māori leaders went onto the occupation with the police to demand that the protectors leave.
Some would argue that the inter- Māori nature of the conflict comes down to either an intergenerational dispute, a dispute of contrasting world views, and even a dispute of disaffected Māori versus the local Māori elite.
With the occupation of Ihumātao heating up, the conflict has now taken on the dimension of a clash between the protectors and their supporters versus the state. Hundreds of police and now present at the site. And arrests have been made, and physical force has been used. The state, to all intents and purpose, is recognising Fletchers as the legal owners of the land. And the police have used violence to thwart the efforts of the protesters, and to enforce Fletcher Building’s property rights over the disputed land.
This occupation of Ihumātao can be analysed through an "indigeneity and post-colonial" lens. Such a framework would position this dispute as a blowback by an indigenous people against an oppressive colonial state and a colonial corporation.
However, some key activists involved in the occupation at Ihumātao have argued that a form of class war is present with this dispute. Emilie Rākete, the Māori caucus coordinator for the group Organise Aotearoa, has stressed the class dimensions of the protest. She has argued that the planned development of Ihumātao by Fletcher Building, and the use of the police against the protesters, is an example of ongoing colonisation by the state and capital of Aotearoa.
Pasifika intellectual Alex Birchall has echoed this viewpoint. He has argued that the land development at Ihumātao is supported by a self-interested iwi elite, including some kaumātua of the “legally recognised mana whenua”. He sees this elite as complicit in the abuse of power now being undertaken by the police.
The Government versus the protectors
The Jacinda Ardern-led Government has ostensibly taken a neutral stance on the dispute. Māori Development Minister Nanaia Mahuta has said that "the heavy hand of Government should not override the real opportunity the hapū have to resolve this issue within their whānau."
Initially, the prime minister said that the Ihumātao dispute was a concern not of the government but of local mana whenua. And she stressed that the government did not what to act to override the decisions made by local Ihumātao leaders. Of course, by local Māori leaders Ardern was referring to those Māori elite who are backing Fletcher Building, and the actions of the police to disperse the occupation.
As the situation has heated up, the Government has taken a slightly new tack by presenting itself as a neutral arbitrator that will bring all the different players to the negotiating table. However, protesters have indicated they see the government’s move as disingenuous, and that they feel they will be deliberately left out of future negotiations.
What Ihumātao points to, in a deeper political sense, is the deep levels dissatisfaction within Te Ao Māori with how the whole treaty settlement process has played out. With billions of dollars of land, resources and money transferred to certain Māori iwi, we have seen the enrichment and empowerment of a layer of Māori leaders, alongside the ever-present reality of general poverty within Te Ao Māori. Most Māori don’t seem to of benefited particularly from the Treaty settlement process. So, in a very real sense, this occupation is a rallying cry and rallying point for those Māori who feel they haven’t gained from Treaty settlements that have enriched and empowered certain official iwi leaders.
One thing that points to this deep-seated sense of unease within the Māori world is the growing levels of inequality within Te Ao Maori. That is, we have a new materially well-off Māori professional layer and an actual Māori capitalist class, while the majority of tangata whenua have, in many cases, become poorer.
Disaffected Māori are clearly dissatisfied with their local leaders. Questions are being asked of why local mana whenua leaders are siding with Fletcher Building, and are backing the use of force by the police. Concerns are being raised around what these leaders have to gain materially, and in terms of their power positions, by currying favours from a capitalist corporation and with both local and central government.
When so many local Māori feeling disenfranchised from their own leadership, the conflict at Ihumātao is likely to continue to build in momentum.
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Recent research suggests the public is becoming more trusting of government and politicians again. Dr Bryce Edwards of Victoria University highlights new studies on trust, and says that “Jacindamania” still appears to be having a positive impact on society’s view of politics. [Note this column was originally published in 2018 on the Newsroom Pro website]
Growing distrust of politicians and authorities has been one of the most important political trends of recent decades, especially as it has accelerated around the globe in the last decade. Most notably, it has been connected to the revival of populist and radical electoral forces – Donald Trump is the most infamous example.
Here in New Zealand, such distrust has been recorded in a number of opinion polls, suggesting this country is not necessarily immune to political trends elsewhere. But new evidence suggests there’s been an abrupt turn around in this growing distrust. New surveys give an indication that New Zealand has departed from the trend, and we’re witnessing an improving perception of the health of our democracy.
Victoria University’s public trust survey
On Monday, the Institute for Governance and Policy Studies of Victoria University of Wellington released the results of a survey they had commissioned from Colmar Brunton about public attitudes to authorities. It shows there have been some meaningful improvements in trust since the same survey was run two years ago.
Most notably, “Asked whether they trust the government to do what is right for New Zealand, 65 percent now answer yes, compared with 48 percent in 2016.” Similarly, “49 percent think New Zealand citizens’ interests are equally and fairly considered by the government, up from 39 percent.” You can see an in-depth report on the results here: Public trust survey.
There’s still a fairly high level of distrust in politicians but, once again, the trend shows an improvement. For instance, “distrust” in government ministers was much higher than “trust” in them, leading to a “net trust deficit” of -24% (i.e. 39% distrusting minus 15% trusting). However, two years ago this deficit was the much higher figure of -43%. Similarly, the trust deficit for MPs has reduced from -47% to -26%.
The Victoria University survey doesn’t suggest that New Zealanders are just becoming more trusting generally. For most non-political areas, trust has remained at about the same levels as in 2016 or, in the case of churches and charities, declined significantly.
Another recent survey – the annual Edelman Trust Barometer – which came out in March can be read here: The Battle for Truth. And the results are largely in line with Victoria University’s, showing that the proportion of New Zealanders who trust government is on the rise. Last year the trust figure was 46%, and it has since risen to 51%.
This improving trend in New Zealand is at variance with the rest of the developed world, which is experiencing a worsening public trust deficit crisis. The change in this country can probably be explained with reference to last year’s election campaign. In itself, this was a highly-engaging and dynamic campaign, which would have given many voters reason to think more highly of politics and government. And, in fact, voter turnout rose – which also went against both historic and international trends.
But it was the rise of Jacinda Ardern as leader of the Labour Party, eventually leading to a change of government, which is possibly the single most important factor in the change of public attitudes to politicians. There is no doubting that “Jacindamania” lifted the spirits of those on the political left, and many less-politicised citizens could detect that there was something new and different happening in politics.
Therefore, a change of government may have given some citizens a greater sense that “politics is working”. After all, for many on the political left who have previously felt that the system wasn’t working, there was now a feeling that change was possible.
Colmar Brunton Public Sector Reputation Index for 2018
Also released this week, Colmar Brunton has undertaken another survey about how much New Zealanders trust the public sector – see: Does our public sector measure up?. This survey also suggests that levels of trust and distrust in politicians are evening out: when asked if people trust or distrust Parliament, 27% said they had trust, and 29% were distrusting.
In addition, 41% said they trusted the civil service, with only 8% distrusting it. The survey also ranked the government agencies, with the following coming out tops for their reputations with the public:
Deloitte New Zealand Millennial survey
One of the interesting elements of the Victoria University trust survey is that younger citizens exhibit much less trust in government and authorities than older people. And this trend is backed up by a survey carried out by Deloitte New Zealand, released a few weeks ago, which said “their trust in political leaders is even lower. Millennials lack faith in the ability of government to make the changes they wish to see. Only 28 percent of New Zealand respondents believe politicians are having a positive impact on the world (compared to 52 percent negative)”.
You can read the Deloitte report here: Millennials’ confidence in business takes sharp downturn. It also suggests that less than half of New Zealand millennials (45%) believe businesses behave ethically, and that this level of trust appears to be heading downwards.
All of these measures of trust are important for a range of reasons – but particularly because they give a barometer reading of how healthy our democracy is perceived to be. Improving trust in politicians and authorities suggests that public revolts are less likely to occur in the near future, with stability more likely.
High public trust also allows governments to undertake greater reforms, because voters are more open-minded to change. And it means that whenever the politicians and government departments make mistakes – and we’ve seen all sorts of them recently, from the Human Rights Commission, to MPI, to Housing New Zealand – then citizens are more accepting of these problems as being mere aberrations.
The resilience of the current government, and its various government agencies, will therefore be enhanced by the news that public trust is heading in the right direction at the moment. But it’s probably too early for authorities to celebrate too loudly. After all, there’s still substantial dissatisfaction out there, and optimism based on Jacindamania could evaporate as quickly as it first appeared.
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Abortion law reform is back on the political agenda. According to Dr Bryce Edwards of Victoria University of Wellington, this area of debate is the ultimate polarising issue in what are often called the “culture wars” – but that doesn’t necessarily mean New Zealand is about to be embroiled in a heated and divisive battle of values. [Note: the column was originally published on the Newsroom Pro website in November 2018]
Both in New Zealand and around the world, politics are increasingly revolving around non-economic policy issues that divide societies along lines that are more “liberal vs conservative” than “left vs right”.
Earlier this year, I gave the following examples of the type of “culture war” issues that have become more important in New Zealand politics: “Debates about issues relating to ethnicity, gender, sexuality, human rights, discrimination, disabilities, and so forth have become much more prominent over recent years. And divisive topics such as abortion, euthanasia and drug law reform, will continue to be extremely difficult for politicians to navigate” – see my Newsroom column, Our new culture wars.
It’s the issue of abortion that is currently on the public agenda, as the Law Commission published its three options for reform this week. New Zealand is set to go down the route of what could be a major debate about abortion.
When the term “culture wars” became established in US politics in the 1990s, the issue of abortion was often seen as the most polarising example (followed by other contentious debates over gun control, immigration, and separation of church and state).
So, can we expect New Zealand will be rocked by extremely polarising debate and differences on abortion? Certainly, many New Zealanders have very strongly-held views on this, and the potential for some bitter battles being played out across the country is real.
The abortion issue is definitely getting a lot of attention. In the chart below, the number of media articles that include the word “abortion” are displayed over the last 17 years. This is derived from an online database of numerous print publications such as the New Zealand Herald, the various Stuff newspapers such as the Dominion Post and The Press, as well as magazines such as the Listener.
This chart suggests that the number of published articles about abortion remained relatively stable since 1991, with normally about 700 published each year. But since 2017, the number of published articles mentioning “abortion” has started to skyrocket, with the issue coming onto the public agenda in the early part of last year. And this year, the number of articles already published amounts to 1587 (which suggests a straight extrapolation estimation for the whole year of 1928).
As I’ve argued before, the increasing propensity for discussion about issues such as abortion relates to the more radical political period we are now in. Since the global financial crisis of 2008, there has been a global explosion of all types of anti-Establishment or anti-status quo ideas, ideologies and movements.
Whether it’s in the form of nationalism, populism, socialism, or feminism, we have seen more radical movements and ideologies underpin the debate and elections in countries everywhere. The #MeToo movement, and the agenda to progress women’s rights on issues such as abortion is a part of this bigger radical trend.
The focus on abortion law reform in New Zealand has, of course, also been given a boost by the successful referendum in Ireland this year, which liberalised abortion laws there. That particular case showed that in 2018 liberal reformers are in the ascendancy – which is really what we can expect to occur here.
Opinion surveys have shown that a majority of the public are in favour of women being able to access abortions. The most recent survey shows that two-thirds of the public agree that a woman should have the right to choose whether or not she has an abortion, with only 14% disagreeing.
Therefore, the war on this issue is largely won. There simply isn’t any great indication that conservatives are willing and able to put up much of a fight to prevent reform. The institutions that might have been expected to mobilise protests and campaigns don’t seem to be up to the fight. Certainly, some churches will put forward their statements of opposition, but not much mobilisation will result from this. And the official pro-life groups are hardly the influential organisations that existed back in the 1970s.
In fact, it’s the National Party that everyone will look to for opposition to reform. But as the legislation change will ultimately come down to a conscience vote in Parliament, the party itself will be unable to put out a united message on the issue. Most parties will be divided – with the Greens likely to be the exception.
In the end, this debate is unlikely to cause huge societal upset and division. But for National it could prove extremely uncomfortable to navigate. Party leader Simon Bridges has already signaled his opposition to liberalisation, saying that the current rules don’t need fixing. This was the line pushed by the previous National leader, Bill English, who was also a socially-conservative Christian.
Bridges has adopted the US Republican Party’s phrase in which he says he’s in favour of abortion being “rare, safe and legal”. But his opponents will use his position to paint him as being a conservative who is out of touch with modern New Zealand. And so, Bridges and National can probably only lose votes on this issue.
National’s strategic vulnerabilities on abortion will only spur on Labour’s reform campaign. And certainly, the Government and Prime Minister Jacinda Ardern will receive plaudits for the changes and for being on “the right side of history”.
And that raises the question of why previous Labour-led governments have been unwilling to reform abortion laws. The pro-choice Helen Clark failed to do so in the 1980s when she was Minister of Health, and when she was Prime Minister for nine years she and her government ensured that the issue of reform never got onto the agenda. Caution triumphed, with fears that reform might be unpopular.
That’s all changed now. Social views have been slowly but steadily liberalising since the original Contraception, Sterilisation and Abortion Act was passed in 1977. Abortion has gradually become more acceptable to the wider public. Yet over that forty years politicians of all sides have effectively kicked for touch on the issue, happy with a compromise situation in which abortion laws have been draconian in theory, but liberal in practice.
Therefore, the politicians – from Labour and National, alike – have simply not kept up with social progress. But what’s happening now is that all politicians are having to catch up with the public’s more progressive views. And that’s why any “culture war” over abortion is likely to be relatively mild.
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“What on earth is May Day?” you might ask. May Day is International Workers’ Day - a celebration of the organised trade union movement and working class-centred politics. But in New Zealand it’s pretty much a non-event. However, in many countries May Day is a public holiday, and rallies of unions and the left are held throughout the world. This is especially true with those nations of the Global South (Third World) which have a particular tradition of militant unionism and socialist politics. For example, in Manila in the Philippines, and Jakarta in Indonesia, tens of thousands of workers and representatives of the left will march today.
Is May Day an archaic event? And isn’t class politics dead, being replaced by the politics of identity with a focus on gender, sexuality, and race? Certainly, May Day - also known as Labour Day or Workers’ Day - was only a big deal in the West when class-centred politics was at the fore. During a large part of the early to mid-twentieth century, a mass working class movement existed, in the form of trade unions, class-centred labour parties, and a wider socialist and communist movement. However, in the later part of the twentieth century, working class politics was declared effectively moribund. And even today in countries with a strong tradition of working class politics, May Day rallies now only attract tens of thousands of workers and leftists, rather than the hundreds of thousands that would have attended such labour celebrations in the past. But despite years of academics in the humanities arguing that there is no longer a working class in post-industrial society, and that categories of subjugated groups are varied, particular, and never concrete, a universal form of class politics is making a bit of a comeback.
While labour-centred politics has been moribund for several decades, there is now a rebooted form of class politics on the rise. Even in places such as New Zealand, strikes and unions have become cool gain. And even socialism and communism are becoming increasingly trendy amongst politicised youth. As Marxists use to say, the dialectic of history inevitably pushes class politics and class conflict to the fore. Or to put it other terms, there’s only so long the Establishment can fuck over working people, in terms of declining living standards and lack of political representation, before an attempt is made to make working class politics great again.
In New Zealand, a wave of strikes and workers’ protests have reintroduced the politics of class in this country. And it’s not the “traditional” blue-collared and cloth-cap proletariat that are in engaging in militancy, but rather “middle class” groups of workers including teachers, public servants, nurses and even doctors. This will confuse many an old socialist, whose politics often amounted to a form of working class identity politics, where blue-collar proletarian culture and politics was celebrated and essentialized. However, anyone who has read the Communist Manifesto or other key Marxist texts, will know that even way back in 1840, Karl Marx predicted that capitalism’s drive for profits would lead to a general proletarianization of the population. That is, “middle class” groups such as teachers, doctors and even lawyers would be transformed into exploited workers.
So, perhaps May Day as a celebration of working class politics and identity is no longer as irrelevant and archaic as it seems. And maybe working class politics is becoming great again.
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